More revision of climate models is suggested because, as the paper puts it: ‘most current climate models fail to capture Antarctic sea-ice trends and variability’. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) referred to here is also known as the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). It may be modified by ENSO aka El Niño/La Niña events.
The title of the research paper is: Interdecadal shift in the spring Southern Annular Mode intensifies its lagged influence on Antarctic summer sea ice. The shift was in 1998, around the time of the so-called El Niño of the century.
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